Proper noun

Romanticism

1. 18th Century artistic and intellectual movement which stressed emotion, freedom and individual imagination.

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.

The movement stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and custom to something noble, and argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language, custom and usage.

Our modern sense of a romantic character is sometimes based on Byronic or Romantic ideals. Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar and distant in modes more authentic than chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape.

Although the movement is rooted in German Pietism, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background from which Romanticism emerged. The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities; indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism" was offered as a polarized opposite to Romanticism. Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as misunderstood heroic individuals and artists that altered society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.

• Aivazovsky, Ivan@ (3)
• Barye, Antoine Louis@ (4)
• Bierstadt, Albert@ (6)
• Blake, William@ (5)
• Bonington, Richard Parkes@ (5)
• Briullov, Karl@ (4)
• Church, Frederic Edwin@ (8)
• Cole, Thomas@ (7)
• Constable, John@ (11)

• Delacroix, Eugène@ (8)
• Fuseli, Henry@ (1)
• Gericault, Theodore@ (5)
• Girtin, Thomas@ (6)
• Goya y Lucientes, Francisco de@ (11)
• Raeburn, Sir Henry@ (5)
• Stubbs, George@ (5)
• Turner, J. M. W.@ (9)

See also:

• Arts: Art History: Periods and Movements: Hudson River School (16)
• Arts: Literature: World Literature: British: Romanticism (31)
• Arts: Periods and Movements: Romanticism (0)

• The Romantic Tradition in British Painting & Literature
  vam.ac.uk
  Essay by Mark Evans, Senior Curator of Paintings at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
• WebMuseum: Romanticism
  ibiblio.org
  Short introduction.
• Romanticism in Dresden
  rs7.loc.gov
  a photographic exhibition of artwork at one of the greatest centers of the Romantic era