Algorithmic art, also known as algorithm art, is art, mostly visual art The visual arts are art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature, such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, printmaking, modern visual arts , design and crafts. These definitions should not be taken too strictly as many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of, of which the design is generated by an algorithm In mathematics, computer science, and related subjects, an algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists.
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Overview
Algorithmic art is a subset of generative art Generative art refers to art that has been generated, composed, or constructed in an algorithmic manner through the use of systems defined by computer software algorithms, or similar mathematical or mechanical or randomised autonomous processes, and is practically always executed by a computer A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format. If executed by a computer A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format, it is also classified as computer-generated art, but in much computer-generated art the role of the computer is confined to the execution. In contrast, in algorithmic art the creative design is the result of an algorithmic process, usually using a random Randomness has somewhat disparate meanings as used in several different fields. It also has common meanings which may have loose connections with some of those more definite meanings. The Oxford English Dictionary defines "random" thus: or pseudo-random process to produce variability. Algorithmic art is also related to systems art Systems art emerged as part of the first wave of the conceptual art movement extended in the 1960s and 1970s. Closely related and overlapping terms are Anti-form movement, Cybernetic art, Generative Systems, Process art, Systems aesthetic, Systemic art, Systemic painting and Systems sculptures.
It is usually digital art Digital art is an umbrella term for a range of artistic works and practices that utilize digital technology. Since the 1970s various names have been used to describe what is now called digital art including computer art and multimedia art but digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art, although a number of artists work with plotters. Fractal art Fractal art is created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, music, or other media. Fractal art is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software, executing the possibly is an example of algorithmic art.
History
The earliest known examples of algorithmic art are artworks created by Georg Nees and Frieder Nake Frieder Nake is a professor for computer graphics at the department for computer science at the University of Bremen and visiting professor for hypermedia design at the University of the Arts Bremen. He lives and works in Bremen, Germany in the early 1960s. These works were executed by a plotter A plotter is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were widely used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers, and it is now commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters," even though they controlled by a personal computer A personal computer is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. This is in contrast to the batch processing or time-sharing models which allowed large expensive mainframe, and were therefore computer-generated art but not digital art Digital art is an umbrella term for a range of artistic works and practices that utilize digital technology. Since the 1970s various names have been used to describe what is now called digital art including computer art and multimedia art but digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art. The act of creation lay in writing the program A computer program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-, the sequence of actions to be performed by the plotter A plotter is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were widely used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers, and it is now commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters," even though they.
Aside from the ongoing work of Verostko and his fellow algorists, the next known examples are fractal artworks Fractal art is created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, music, or other media. Fractal art is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software, executing the possibly created in the mid to late 1980s. These are important here because they use a different means of execution. Whereas the earliest algorithmic art was "drawn" by a plotter A plotter is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were widely used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers, and it is now commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters," even though they, fractal art Fractal art is created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, music, or other media. Fractal art is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software, executing the possibly simply creates an image in computer memory Computer memory refers to devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or "bit") may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable; it is therefore digital art Digital art is an umbrella term for a range of artistic works and practices that utilize digital technology. Since the 1970s various names have been used to describe what is now called digital art including computer art and multimedia art but digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art. The native form of a fractal artwork Fractal art is created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, music, or other media. Fractal art is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software, executing the possibly is an image stored on a computer A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format –this is also true of very nearly all equation art and of most recent algorithmic art in general. However, in a stricter sense "fractal art" is not considered algorithmic art, because the algorithm is not devised by the artist.
The role of the algorithm
For a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an algorithm In mathematics, computer science, and related subjects, an algorithm is an effective method for solving a problem expressed as a finite sequence of instructions. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and many other fields devised by the artist. Here, an algorithm is simply a detailed recipe for the design and possibly execution of an artwork, which may include computer code In computer science, source code is any collection of statements or declarations written in some human-readable computer programming language. Source code is the mechanism most often used by programmers to specify the actions to be performed by a computer, functions The mathematical concept of a function expresses the intuitive idea that one quantity completely determines another quantity (the value, or the output). A function assigns a unique value to each input of a specified type. The argument and the value may be real numbers, but they can also be elements from any given sets: the domain and the codomain, expressions In mathematics, an expression is a finite combination of symbols that are well-formed according to the rules applicable in the context at hand. Symbols can designate values , variables, operations, relations, or can constitute punctuation or other syntactic entities. The use of expressions can range from simple arithmetic operations like, or other input which ultimately determines the form the art will take. This input may be mathematical Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions, computational, or generative in nature. Inasmuch as algorithms tend to be deterministic Determinism is the philosophical view that every event, including human cognition, behaviour, decision, and action is causally determined (completely predictable) by previous events, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some random Randomness has somewhat disparate meanings as used in several different fields. It also has common meanings which may have loose connections with some of those more definite meanings. The Oxford English Dictionary defines "random" thus: factor is usually introduced. If the algorithm is executed by a computer, this can be the use of a pseudo-random number generator A pseudorandom number generator is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers. The sequence is not truly random in that it is completely determined by a relatively small set of initial values, called the PRNG's state. Although sequences that are closer to truly random can be generated using. Some artists also work with organically based gestural input which is then modified by an algorithm.
By this definition, algorithmic art is not to be confused with graphical methods such as generating a fractal A fractal is "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole," a property called self-similarity. Roots of mathematically rigorous treatment of fractals can be traced back to functions studied by Karl Weierstrass, Georg Cantor and Felix Hausdorff in studying functions out of a fractal program; it is necessarily concerned with the human factor (one's own algorithm, and not one that is pre-set in a package). The artist must be concerned with the most appropriate expression for their idea, just as a painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects may be used. In art the term describes both the act and the result which is called a painting. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, would be most concerned with the best application of colors. By this definition, defaulting to something like a fractal generator (and using it for all or most of your creations) would in essence be letting the computer dictate the form of the final work, and not truly be a creative art. The artist's self-made algorithms are an integral part of the authorship, as well as being a medium through which their ideas are conveyed.
Algorists
"Algorist" is a term used for digital artists Digital art is an umbrella term for a range of artistic works and practices that utilize digital technology. Since the 1970s various names have been used to describe what is now called digital art including computer art and multimedia art but digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art who create algorithmic art. One group of algorists is known as Les Algoristes.
Algorists formally began correspondence and establishing their identity as artists following a panel titled "Art and Algorithms" at SIGGRAPH SIGGRAPH is the name of the annual conference on computer graphics (CG) convened by the ACM SIGGRAPH organization. The first SIGGRAPH conference was in 1974. The conference is attended by tens of thousands of computer professionals. Past SIGGRAPH conferences have been held in Dallas, Seattle, Los Angeles, New Orleans, San Diego and elsewhere in 1995. The co-founders were Roman Verostko and Jean-Pierre Hébert Jean-Pierre Hébert is an independent artist of algorithmic art, drawings, and mixed media. He co-founded the Algorists in 1995 with Roman Verostko. Hébert is credited with coining the term and its definition, which is quite unsurprisingly, in the form of his own algorithm:
if (creation && object of art && algorithm && one's own algorithm) {
include * an algorist *
} elseif (!creation || !object of art || !algorithm || !one's own algorithm) {
exclude * not an algorist *
}
Algorithmic artists
- Arambilet Angel Luis Arambilet Alvarez [ARAMBILET] is a writer, screenplayer, painter, graphic artist, filmmaker and systems engineer (Spain – Dominican Republic)
- San Base San Base is a contemporary Canadian artist, born December 1, 1956 in Russia. He graduated from school of Fine Arts in 1974, and received his PhD in Cybernetics from the Technical University in 1979 (Canada)
- Harold Cohen Harold Cohen is a British painter who became the director of the "Center for Research in Computing and the Arts." He is noted as the writer of AARON (UK – USA)
- Charles Csuri Charles Csuri , aka Chuck Csuri, is a pioneer in the field of computer art and a former All American college football player (USA)
- Helaman Ferguson Helaman Ferguson is an American sculptor and a digital artist, specifically an algorist (USA)
- Herbert W. Franke Herbert W. Franke is an Austrian scientist and writer. He is considered one of the most important science fiction authors in the German language. He is also active in the fields of future research, speleology as well as computer graphics and digital art (Austria – Germany)
- John Greene (USA)
- Jean-Pierre Hébert Jean-Pierre Hébert is an independent artist of algorithmic art, drawings, and mixed media. He co-founded the Algorists in 1995 with Roman Verostko (USA)
- Yoichiro Kawaguchi Yoichiro Kawaguchi is a Japanese computer graphics artist, professor at the University of Tokyo. Kawaguchi rose to international prominence in 1982 when he presented "Growth Model" in the international conference SIGGRAPH (Japan)
- Sergio Maltagliati (Italy)
- Manfred Mohr Manfred Mohr is a digital art pioneer. He has lived and worked in New York since 1981 (Germany)
- Samuel Monnier (Swizerland)
- Ken Musgrave (USA)
- Frieder Nake Frieder Nake is a professor for computer graphics at the department for computer science at the University of Bremen and visiting professor for hypermedia design at the University of the Arts Bremen. He lives and works in Bremen, Germany (Germany)
- Georg Nees (Germany)
- A. Michael Noll A. Michael Noll is professor emeritus at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California. He has published over ninety professional papers, has been granted six patents, and is the author of eleven books on various aspects of telecommunications (USA)
- Remko Scha Remko J. H. Scha is a professor of computational linguistics at the faculty of humanities and Institute for Logic, Language and Computation at the University of Amsterdam. He is also an internationally renowned composer and performer of algorithmic art (Netherlands)
- Celestino Soddu Celestino Soddu is an architect and professor of Generative Design at Politecnico di Milano university in Italy. He is one of the pioneers of Generative Art and Design. His first generative software was designed in 1986 for creating 3D models of endless variations of typical Italian Medieval towns (Italy)
- Roman Verostko (USA)
Further reading
- Oliver Grau Oliver Grau is a German art historian and media theoretician with a focus on image science, modernity and media art as well as culture of the 19th century and Italian Art of the renaissance (2003). Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion (MIT Press/Leonardo Book Series). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-07241-6.
- Wands, Bruce (2006). Art of the Digital Age, London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23817-0.
External links
- Algorithmic Art: Composing the Score for Visual Art - Roman Verostko
Categories: Art genres Categories: Visual arts | Genres by medium | Aesthetics | Computer art | Digital art | Contemporary art
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